Discuss how far you agree with this argument Essay

These all create tension but none of these are in fact the real dramatic climax of ‘The Crucible’. The real dramatic climax of ‘The Crucible’ is when Elizabeth says that Proctor did not commit lechery, which Proctor had already confessed but Elizabeth was un-aware of this. But the build up to this was what really made this scene such a strong climax. After Proctor had confessed, Abigail denied it so Danforth tested Proctor’s judgement when he said, â€Å"In her life, sir, she have never lied. There are them that cannot sing, and them that cannot weep- my wife cannot lie. I have paid so much to learn it, sir. † Tension is built up as proctor convinces Danforth that his wife cannot lie, what also creates tension was when Danforth ordered Proctor and Abigail to turn their backs so that when Elizabeth came in she could not look at her husband or Abigail’s face to get a clue of what she must say. When she does come into the room she is asked, â€Å"has John Proctor ever committed the crime of lechery! † and she replied â€Å"No, sir. † To save her husbands god name. She had lied to Danforth, which made Proctor seem as though he were lying, not only to the high court, but also to god. This was not acceptable in Puritan Salem. The final act of ‘The Crucible’, it is known as the falling point. This means that it is usually where the problems in the play are resolved. This act could be considered more dramatic than Act three, but this is not true. As Act three contains he dramatic climax that made John Proctor worse off than he was at the beginning. It could be argued that this act also has a dramatic climax, when John Proctor confessed to witchcraft. But this was not as dramatic as the climax in Act three because the protagonist was still convicted of witchcraft due to his actions, so this made little or no impact on the final outcome. It soon becomes quite clear that Act four is not about John Proctor being persuaded to confess, but about his close relationship with his dear wife, Elizabeth. With comparison to Act two when John Proctor and Elizabeth had the argument. This Act is much calmer and shows that the Proctor’s can talk in a civil way and are emotionally attracted to each other. In this act Proctor puts his children first when he confesses as he does not want them to have to grow up without a father figure in their life. But soon during the confession Danforth asks for too much when he asks John Proctor to sign the confession. Proctor soon gains his own opinion and realises that once he signs this confession he and his family will not be able to live properly; they will always be under suspicion. John Proctor wishes to die as a martyr and not live the rest of his life in shame so he tries to have his confession removed by testing the nerve of Danforth by taking away the confession and ripping it up. Danforth then tells the marshal to take Proctor away. Elizabeth comes running up to him and cries on his hand, but he says â€Å"Give them no tears! Tears pleasure them! Show honour, show a stony heart and sink them with it! † He then kisses her â€Å"passionately† and goes. Then Danforth says angrily â€Å"Hang them high over the town! Who weeps for these, weeps for corruption! † Therefore, John Proctor dies as a hero, which ends the play very well, as it ends on a proud note. Because John Proctor dies with pride knowing that â€Å"Another judgement awaits us all! † In conclusion, Act three is the dramatic climax of the crucible, as all the tension built up in previous act is all released in this act, which creates a greater climax. Act four is not the dramatic climax because the peak at Act three which was the dramatic climax made sure that it was more dramatic than any other Act. In Act four it was just calming everything down after the climax, but Act four’s climax was minute compared to Act three. Act four ended the play superbly, as Proctor the protagonist did not finish as the enemy but the martyr, and Danforth ended as the enemy.

Reviewing and Summarizing the Life of Sarny

A very powerful sequel to the book Nightjohn, Gary Paulsen’s book entitled Sarny: a Life Remembered follows the life of a brave woman who learned to read and write while being held captive by slavery and how she served as an inspiration to her fellowmen. The story is set during the Civil War and slavery was reaching its peak action. Therefore, the book was focused on the important themes related to war such as justice and freedom. Because the narrator was a female slave, the voice of the story is naturally defiant, brave, and full of hope. This is a very qualification of novels that tackle about the lives of Black slaves for it adds character to the wholeness of the plot. In the narration of the book, Sarny was already ninety years old. Her lifetime was devoted her struggles to unite her family, to keep her children safe, and to be able to serve as an educator to other slaves. In Paulsen’s work we witness how Sarny victoriously escaped slavery and how she taught herself to be literate, along with the other slaves she was with. She was married twice and her two children, Tyler and Delie, were separated from her when they were sold as debt payments by their owner. When she was able to leave her owner, she dedicated her time and effort to search for her children. After achieving emancipation, Sarny devoted her time in building a school where she would teach other former slaves to be literate. Other important characters in the story were Lucy, a young slave who has become Sarny’s friend on the road, and Miss Laura, who helped Sarny find her children. These two characters contribute significantly to the direction of Sarny’s life. On the other hand, Sarny also served as an important factor to the developments of these two characters. Sarny is an amazing, informative book to read for all ages, particularly targeting the audience of young adolescents. Even though the main protagonist of the story was already in her nineties, the whole plot of the story would be educational and interesting for all young students who would read this book. There is a fair amount of racial violence and sexual issues that were tackled in the book so the readers should at least be adolescents. But as a whole, Sarny has a very interesting array of characters and its plot is really heartwarming. It is a book that deserves to be highly recommended for it touches important realities of motherhood, family life, slavery, social equality, and freedom.

The Effect Pollution Has On the Planet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Effect Pollution Has On the Planet - Essay Example In addition, many of these waters ultimately find their way to ocean waters which has cause large areas of the seas to be barren of life. Air pollution causes respiratory problems and, more importantly, is causing the Earth’s climate to change, the consequences of which are far-ranging and potentially catastrophic. Lawmakers have focused their efforts to address the pollution of America’s waterways by passing legislation intended to reduce the amount of contaminants discharged from factories but the American fresh water systems remain polluted. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, roughly 40 percent of the country’s lakes, rivers and streams still are unsafe for fishing or swimming because they are overburdened with silt and chemicals from thousands of small sources, a circumstance known as â€Å"non-point† pollution. This phrase refers to polluting the waterways other than by dumping chemicals directly into the water such as improperly discarded motor oil, pesticides, lawn chemicals, fertilizers or animal waste from commercial farms. Fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural sources, point of contact, cause more of the pollutants affecting the fragile water systems than commercial pollutants. These systems run across the â€Å"Breadbasket† areas of A merica then are deposited in ocean waters of the East Coast and oxygen-depleted Gulf of Mexico. Large areas of these seas have been designated as ‘dead zones.’ Vast areas of East Coast waters and the Gulf of Mexico can no longer support life such as crabs and shrimp. These dead zones are constantly expanding. â€Å"The dead zone fluctuates in size each year, extending a record 8,500 square miles during the summer of 2002 and stretching over 7,700 square miles during the summer of 2010.† (â€Å"Facts,† 2010) Ammonia, a lethal gaseous form of nitrogen released during waste removal, can travel hundreds of miles through the air before falling back to Earth either on the ground or in the water, where it produces algal blooms which kills fish. â€Å"Fertilizers and animal waste from factory livestock farms have helped trigger an unprecedented number of algal blooms, destructive growth spurts that clog waterways and suffocate fish.† (Warrick, 2001). Most i nfamous were outbreaks of deadly algae, including Pfiesteria piscicida, an organism blamed for the deaths of a billion fish along the coast of North Carolina. The quantity of fresh water for drinking continues to be significantly reduced because of chemical pollutants. This regretful circumstance is especially difficult for drought-stricken areas. This critical situation is reversible but must involve educating small and large-scale farmers to more environment friendly means of growing crops and requiring its implementation. A water restoration program initiated by the federal Clean Water Act of 1972 determines the maximum quantity of a pollutant that a body of water can have and still meet federal quality standards by using a calculation named The Total Maximum Daily Load. This is the primary legal remedy for government intervention concerning non-point water pollution. Federal regulations require state administrative bodies to take into consideration all sources of pollution acros s the watershed (drainage basin) of a river. â€Å"Watershed is the term used to describe the geographic area of land that drains water to a shared destination† (â€Å"Report,† 2011). Water, in the form of melting snow or rain, drains toward the lowest point in a

Toyota Motor Corporation -with the reference to the key principles and Essay

Toyota Motor Corporation -with the reference to the key principles and approaches of business ethics, critically evaluate its performance - Essay Example (Company Description, April 2009) Ethics stands for a discipline which provides a framework for considering what is good or bad in relation to basic principles of morality (Baker D., 2009). Whereas business ethics on the other hand stands for right and wrong in context of the business world along with its principles and practices (Baker D., 2009). A business entity does not function in segregation from the society; in fact it is an integral part of the social environment. Therefore ethics play an important role in its relations to the other stake holders from the society, like customers, suppliers, workers, government, etc. It is being alleged in automotive circles especially in context of the US market that Toyota pays its workers much less than what the Big Three of US auto i.e. Chrysler, Ford and General Motors pay their workers. This is an area of contention for Toyota. An organization like Toyota has a considerable part of its operations in manufacturing. In this era of global warming and climate change, environment friendliness of a company’s manufacturing processes also fall within the realm of its core values and basic ethical philosophy. How the company is performing can be found out by relating it in context of different ethical theories. Moral theories on are segmented into three basic types: teleological theories, deontological theories and virtue-based theories. The basic premise of this theory is that ethical behavior is goal oriented. This approach says that entities are in dilemma while choosing a particular course of action in terms of achieving a goal. Morality lies in the chosen action’s negative or positive properties. If an action is chosen which has negative connotations, the theory then points it out to be amoral and when the opposite or positive connotation is prevalent, the theory points it out as moral. It is the consequence of the actions or approaches chosen , which is termed important teleological theories.

Is Trial by Jury an Efficient and Just System Essay

Is Trial by Jury an Efficient and Just System - Essay Example Const., amend. VII). Many states have considered the right to a trial by jury so important that it is written into state constitutions as well (Saks). It is, therefore, not an exaggeration to say that the right to a trial by jury is considered a fundamental right of the American legal and judicial system. A trial by jury has its roots in Great Britain, where juries were used to provide protection against the harsh judgments of those that were in the favor of the King, and therefore handed down relatively harsh judgments for relatively small crimes (Graham, 2009). That system has grown, from Britain, to the United States, where in 2006 an estimated 154,000 jury trials were held nationwide (Mize, Hannaford-Agor & Waters, 2007). However, this does not mean that the system itself is perfect; indeed, if incarcerated criminals were questioned, most would likely say that the judicial system had not done what they hoped it would do. Trials by jury take time to put together, and can be expens ive to everyone involved (VanKoppen, 2009). Trials by jury also have the benefits, however, of fairness and impartiality, the bigger availability of resources, and because juries do not have the same concerns over image or power as a judge does. For these reasons, a trial by jury is an efficient and just system in proving guilt or innocence. One reason that trial by jury is an efficient and just system is that juries are chosen based on their ability to be impartial and fair towards the one who stands accused. This is proven during the jury selection, when both lawyers ask questions and ensure that each person impaneled on the jury can be fair and impartial during the trial (Saks). Potential jurors that have a problem with certain sets of circumstances, such as racism or even possibly voting for the death penalty in capital cases are dismissed (Saks). In this way, fairness towards the accused is ensured. In contrast, a judge must go through no such procedure. The role of a judge was created for the very reason of protecting an accused (Graham, 2009). It is taken for granted that a judge will be impartial; even though the Constitution does not say that a judge must be, it is the right of every American to enjoy such a privilege at trial (Siegel, 2010). However, this is not always the way that the judicial system works. Corruption is not unknown, and judges have, in the past, been bought or bribed to render decisions. Consider Operation Greylord, a Federal probe that exposed widespread corruption in the Cook County, Illinois court system in 1983 (Bogira, 2005). Judges had been found to be extorting money from prosecution and defense lawyers, as well as taking money directly in exchange for certain verdicts (Bogira, 2005). Had a jury trial been the route taken, instead of the judge being able to be bribed, twelve people would have had to be bribed or replaced. While it is true that jury tampering can certainly occur, it stands to reason that it is much harder to tamper with and convince twelve people to vote a certain way, as opposed to one judge. Juries, whether they are made up of six

Kierkegaard and Man's Search for Meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kierkegaard and Man's Search for Meaning - Essay Example The religious stage, it is a leap of faith, and God being our fulfillment it becomes clear as we discover the adequacy of existence. God’s existence is suggested in our awareness of self-alienation and cannot be collapsed into scientific inquiry. Without risk, they are no faith and truth must be inward reality and cannot simply be grasped at cognitively. The venture chooses an objective uncertainly with passion of infinite (George 77). Life is not primarily a quest for pleasure, as felid believed. The largest task for any person is to find meaning of life. Frank saw three possible sources of meanings in working, love and courage in difficult times. Forces beyond your control can take every thing possible expect your freedom to choose on how to respond on situations. Man, however, can live or even die for the sake of values and ideas. Statistical survey explained that 78% percent said that making money was their first goal in life. Neurogenic neuroses do not come from conflict between drives and instincts but rather from existing problems. It is a frustration often eventuates in sexual compensation (George 67). Ultimately, man should not ask the meaning of life rather he recognizes that it is who is being asked Love is the only way to grasp another human innermost core of his personality. No one can be fully aware of every essence of another human unless he loves him. It emphasizes that is an ultimate purpose of

Action, Goals and Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Action, Goals and Benefits - Essay Example It is our most valued possession. While pursuing an education, we will certainly run into obstacles along the way. However, by having a clear vision of our goals and a well-developed habit of study we can clear any hurdles that are placed in our path. Though the pace of today's world makes an education seem difficult, it can be made easier by following some simple rules. One of the first things we realize when we begin an education is that there just doesn't seem to be enough time in the day. It's important to recognize that education is the priority. An awareness of my goals can be the best aide in setting a schedule for my activities (Managing Your Time). It may mean giving up a Sunday football game. I may have to suffer with a couple less hours of sleep now and then. Managing my time will require me to make a schedule that will take priority over most of the other events in my life. Sticking to my schedule will be easier if I concentrate on my goals and my reasons for getting an education. I hope to improve my writing skills in this class and become a better communicator. The ability to write successfully will enhance my professional opportunities as well as give me a sense of personal accomplishment. My current lifestyle and schedule is an obstacle that I need to work around. I work 12 hours a day and set aside Sunday for church. At first glance, it seems that I only have Gen 101: Action, Goals and Benefits Saturdays to study. However, I can read during my lunch breaks at work. I can set aside an hour each night dedicated to my studies. Vince Lombardi once said that hard work is the price we pay to achieve our goals (cited in Determination Quotations). I can extend my study period on Saturday by 2 hours and work in an additional 2 hours on Sunday. This will give me an additional 14 hours of study time each week. It may mean some personal sacrifice, but eventually it will become a habit and will be almost unnoticed. By applying myself to my studies and keeping to my schedule I should see considerable progress throughout the course. I expect my writing to become easier and clearer. The library will open my mind to new opportunities and interests. I expect that my schedule and study routine will become a habit that will transfer to my other courses in the future. I plan to continue my education at the University of Phoenix after I finish this course on March 7, 2007. The path to a degree will also bring about increased opportunities and positions in my employment. Aside from benefiting from an increase in salary, it will also give me greater self-esteem. Education is a continual process of self-improvement and that improvement will show in every part of my life. Whether at work, at home, or in a social situation, an education shines through and makes the whole world a little brighter. To sum it all up, my education is important to me and it is a crucial step on my path to self-improvement. This course will give me the tools to write better, read better, Gen 101: Action, Goals and Benefits study better, and develop a greater sense of personal management. Though my schedule may be packed, I can find ways to set aside the time I need to study. By keeping my goals on my mind, it's easy to make education a priority. Small sacrifices now can realize big rewards later. My plan is to focus on this program and continue to study at UOP. It will give me a greater chance for career advancement and offer me better economic opportunities. Education is the one thing you always carry with you and no one can take from you. This course is a step in acquiring that very valuable

Relationship of Regionalism and Globalism Essay

Relationship of Regionalism and Globalism - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that there is a growing debate whether firms should use globalism or regionalism as their chosen approach. Globalism of a business indicates their international integration through the interchange of products, worldviews, cultural aspects, and ideas.   International marketing principle influence companies to have a consistent global strategy when they are operating internationally but they also need to adopt different tactical approaches to successfully operate in their targeted local market. On the other hand regionalization of a business explains the process of dividing the large market into small regional segments and formulating the product and ideas as per the difference in regional demand and cultural aspects. A very well known approach by multinational companies for their global strategy is to think globally and act locally. This view has been adopted by a large number of Multinational organizations and it has been proven as a succ essful theory. Various researchers have proven that a debate over the usage of adaptation and standardization in any organization commenced in the year of 1961. After half a century the debate is still on. Various arguments have shown that regionalism of any organization can be better than the globalism strategies. Globalism promotes communication across the borders and helps an organisation to successfully satisfy the requirement of consumers and market. This process involves changes in political and economic spheres of any organization. It also helps in bringing the world together. Researchers argue that the basis of the globalization of any organization is to compare the market operation in the home market with the operations in the foreign market. They also have mentioned that global standardization helps organizations to operate at a low production cost. It also helps them to treat the entire world as a single market and sell the similar product in the same way everywhere. Seve ral factors help an organization in the selection of their globalism strategies and tactics.

Company Employment Essay Example for Free

Company Employment Essay Sheena had worked for the same Fortune 500 Company for most 15 years. Although the company had gone through some tough times, things were starting to turn around. Customer orders were up, and quality and productivity had improved dramatically from what they had been only a few years earlier due company wide quality improvement program. So, it comes as a real shock to Sheena and about 400 of her co-workers when they were suddenly terminated following the new CEO’s decision to downsize the company. After recovering from the initial shock, Sheena tried to find employment elsewhere. Despite her efforts, after eight months of searching she was no closer to finding a job than the day she started. Her funds were being depleted and she was getting more discouraged. There was one bright spot, though: She was able to bring in a little money by mowing lawns for her neighbors. She got involved quite by chance when she heard one neighbor remark that now that his children were on their own, nobody was around to cut the grass. Almost jokingly, Sheena asked him how much he’d be willing to pay. Soon Sheena was mowing the lawns of five neighbors. Other neighbors wanted her to work on their lawns, but she didn’t feel that she could spare any more time from her job search. However, as the rejection letters began to pile up, Sheena knew she had to make an important decision in her life. On a rainy Tuesday morning, she decided to go into business for herself taking care of neighborhood lawns. She was relieved to give up the stress of job hunting, and she was excited about the prospects of being her own boss. But she was also fearful of being completely on her own. Nevertheless, Sheena was determined to make a go of it. At first, business was a little slow, but once people realized Sheena was available, many asked her to take care of their lawns. Some people were simply glad to turn the work over to her; others switched from professional lawn care services. By the end of her first year in business, Sheena knew she could earn a living this way. She also performed other services such as fertilizing lawns, weeding gardens, and trimming shrubbery. Business became so good that Sheena hired two part-time workers to assist her and, even then, she believed she could expand further if she wanted to. Questions 1. In what ways are Sheena’s customers most likely to judge the quality of her lawn care services? (10 Marks) 2. Sheena is the operations manager of her business. Among her responsibilities are forecasting, inventory management, scheduling, quality assurance, and maintenance. (a) What kinds of things would likely require forecasts?  (b) What inventory items does Sheena probably have? Name one inventory decision she has to make periodically. (c) What scheduling must she do? What things might occur to disrupt schedules and cause Sheena to reschedule? (d) How important is quality assurance to Sheena’s business? Explain. (e) What kinds of maintenance must be performed? (20 Marks) 3. What are some of the trade-offs that Sheena probably considered relative to: (a) Working for a company instead of for herself? (b) Expanding the business? (10 Marks) 4. The town is considering an ordinance that would prohibit putting grass clippings at the curb for pickup because local landfills cannot handle the volume. What options might Sheena consider if the ordinance is passed? Name two advantages and two drawbacks of each option. (20 Marks)

Somethings Coming Essay Example for Free

Somethings Coming Essay

How to Have Effective Communitcation

How to Have Effective Communitcation Lets throw some light upon what Communication is all about: According to Allen, Communication is the sum of all the things, one person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of others. It is the bridge of meaning. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding. IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION: Effective communication is important because one needs to express his ideas clearly and needs to be understood very clearly while communicating. The receiver should understand the message in the same perception as intended by the sender of the message. This is what we call an effective communication. Interestingly though, there are other facets to effective communication when it comes to written communication, popularly known as Seven Cs of Effective Communication. THE IMPORTANCE OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION IN AN ORGANISATION: Communication is the key to motivation, it helps in informing and illuminating the employees about the task to be carried out, the manner they should be performing their task, and how to improve their performance if it is not up to the mark. An Effective Communication is the best source of information to the members of organization for decision-making process as it helps identifying and evaluate alternative course of actions. Communication also plays a fundamental role in altering an individuals attitude, i.e., a well informed individual will have better attitude than a less-informed individual. Organizational magazines, journals, meetings and various other forms of oral and written communication help in moulding employees attitudes. Communication also helps in socializing. In todays life the only presence of another individual fosters communication. Human is a social animal and survival without communication is neither possible nor fruitful. Communication also assists in controlling process in a big way. It helps controlling organizational members behavior in various ways. It is the art of getting work done. There are various levels of hierarchy, certain principles and guidelines that employees must follow in an organization. They must comply with organizational policies, perform their roles efficiently and communicate any work problem and grievance to their superiors. Thus, communication helps in controlling function of management. TYPES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: Letters Memos Circulars Bulletin Reports Instruction cards Manuals In Order to perfect the art of written communication, we have a helping hand known as the Seven Cs Of Communication The principles advocated by Francis J. Bergin. These principles provide guidelines for choice of content, style of presentation, how much is too much etc. Lets take tour of the same. THE SEVEN Cs OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATON For transmitting effective communication written or oral messages, certain principles must be followed. These principles advocated by Francis J. Bergin. Bergin provides guidelines for choice of content and style of presentation adapted to the purpose the receiver of the message. They are also called as Seven Cs of communication. They are: Completeness Conciseness Clarity Correctness Concreteness Consideration Courtesy COMPLETENESS Every communication must be complete and adequate. Incomplete messages keep the receiver guessing, creates misunderstanding and delay actions. Every person should, therefore, be provided with all the required facts and figures. For example, when the factory supervisor instructs workers to produce, he must specify the exact size, shape, quality and cost of the product. Any assumptions behind the message should also be clarified. While answering a letter, all the questions raised in the letter must be replied. A complete message offers the following benefits: Complete messages are more likely to bring the desired results without the expense of additional messages. They can do a better job of building goodwill. Messages that contain information the receiver needs show concern for others. Complete messages can help advert costly lawsuit that may result if information is missing. Communication that seems inconsequential can be surprisingly important if the information they contain is complete and effective. It is advised that while answering a letter one should make sure that all the questions are answered. The message is not complete, if it fails to answer questions like : What is the meeting about? When is it? and Where? CONCISENESS In business communication, you should be brief and able to say whatever you have to say in fewest possible words without sacrificing the other C qualities. A concise message is complete without being wordy. Conciseness is desired because of the following benefits: A concise message saves time and expense for both sender and receiver. Conciseness contributes to emphasis; by eliminating unnecessary words, you let important ideas stand out. When combined with a YOU-VIEW, concise message are inherently more interesting to recipients as they avoid unnecessary information. There is no hard and fast rule for the length of a letter. A two page letter seems short, while a ten line letter may seem all too long depending upon the event and situation. CLARITY The message should be put in simple terms to ensure clarity. Words must mean the same thing to receiver as they do the sender. Complex issues must be compressed in to themes, slogans or stereotypes that have simplicity and clarity. In order to ensure clarity in oral communications, you should use accurate and familiar words with proper intonation, stresses and pauses. Thoughts should be clear and well organized. The important considerations in attaining clarity are as follows: Choose precise, concrete and familiar simple words. Construct effective sentences and paragraphs. In short, simple and short words are more effective than pompous and heady words. Using the K-I-S-S Method Keep It Short and Simple! If the message does not help recognizes who actually the person is? It may be possible to have many people with same name in an organisation. What great work he/she has done? When? And what he/she is expected to do now? It is not a clear message. CORRECTNESS The term correctness, as applied to business messages means right level of language and accuracy of facts, figures and words. If the information is not correctly conveyed, the sender will lose credibility. Transmission of incorrect information to superior will vitiate decision making process. Transmission of incorrect messages, grammatical errors should also be avoided. All the messages must be transmitted and responded to at the most appropriate time. Outdated information is useless. Since communication is an expensive process, transmitting outdated information involves wastage of time, money and human resources. The principle of correct timing also stipulates that you communicate your message at a time when it is likely to prove most effective. CONCRETENESS Concreteness of messages is an essential requirement of effective communication. It means being specific, definite, and vivid rather than vague and general. In oral communication, we cant draw tables, diagrams, or graphs to make our statement vivid, but we can precise words to convey the correct messages and support it by relevant facts and figures. If the message is specific, there would be increased likelihood that the message is interpreted by the receiver as intended by sender. For sending concrete messages, the following guidelines should be followed: Use concrete expressions. Use specific facts and figures. Put action in your verbs. Choose vivid, image-building words. Facts lend credibility to our communication since it is not possible to refute them. Concrete expressions create visual images that are easy to register. So instead of vague, generalized statements, definite facts should be given. The statements with no passion, no vivid detail, having nothing that creates emotion and nothing that tells people in the audience why they should care does not work well. CONSIDERATION Consideration means preparing the message with the receiver in mind. In order to communicate effectively, the sender should think and look from the receivers angle. He should adopt a humane approach and understand the emotions and sentiments of the receiver. The socio-psychological background of the receiver must be understood. The golden rule First understand than be understood should be followed. It should be noted that consideration underlies the other 6 Cs of the communication. Four special ways to indicate considerations are as follows: Focus on You instead of I and We. Show audience benefit or interest in the receiver. Emphasis positive, pleasant facts. Show empathy. Ask how you would feel if you were to receive this message. Consideration also requires emphasizing positive and pleasant facts. To say no, sorry,regret,disagree should not be used in direct and straight forward manner. COURTESY Courtesy stems from a sincere you-attitude. It is not merely politeness with mechanical insertions of please and thank you, although applying socially accepted manners is a form of courtesy. Rather it is politeness that grows out of respect and concern for others. In business discussions, you should say things with force and assertiveness without being rude. The following guidelines should be observed to ensure courtesy: Thank generously for a favour. When someone does a favour to us, acknowledge it promptly and thank the person. Apologize for an omission. If you had committed a mistake, express regret promptly and sincerely. Avoid irritating expressions. Words and expressions having negative connotation should not be used in the message. Use of non-discriminatory expressions that reflect equal treatment of people regardless of gender, race, ethics, origin and physical features. Below mentioned are some useful guidelines to advice staff members in the organization on how to best communicate effectively: 12 guidelines: Take sufficient time to effectively communicate. Care. Learn to be empathic. Be honest and sincere. One of the cruelest things one can do to another person is to not acknowledge that person. Develop a sense of belonging when interacting with others. Be welcoming and inclusive. Regularly, in your daily life, interact with persons whose culture, race, ethnicity and other identifiers and important characteristics are different than your own. Welcome persons with disabilities. Person with a disability is the preferred manner of speech, versus disabled person. Place the person before the disability. Spend quality time with persons whose backgrounds are different than yours. Set an example by being welcoming and inclusive to everyone. Learn to pronounce names correctly. Make a concerted effort to do so and to remember names.

My Short Story Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Private 062!† â€Å"PRESENT SIR!† Private Robert replied. â€Å"Private 063!† â€Å"PRESENT SIR!† Private Wallace shouted. Master Sergeant Olsen was taking attendance at the Base Camp Zan. He was in charge of a platoon of eighty Privates, fresh from the Recruit Camp. Soon, he had accounted for all his soldiers. Coming fresh from the mainland with no knowledge of the army, none of his soldiers could outdo him. Or so he thought†¦ â€Å"Time for your short morning walk, Privates!† â€Å"YES SIR!† The privates started on their ‘short morning walk’ which turned out to be twenty kilometres long. Delta, one of the privates, was the first to finish the run with an astonishing timing of one and a quarter of an hour beating the Master Sergeant by five full minutes. Master Sergeant was infuriated. â€Å"Private 019! Meet me at 0645Hours!† â€Å"Hmm...† Corporal Nelson looked through Private Delta’s particulars. â€Å"Go, run on that running analysis machine there!† He pointed on the steel metallic structure occupying only a small area in the room. Delta walked to the machine and started running. Indeed he ran at an unbelievable speed. But that awesome speed was short-lived. It lasted only two minutes. Now Corporal Nelson was getting interested in Delta’s talents. He sent Delta for a health check and at the same time, promptly sent a proposal to Prof Daniel Frank. Prof Daniel Frank is a scientist. He had just invented something named as the LSSE (Light-weight Self-Sustaining Energy) suit. The...

Racial Prejudice in British Immigration Policy :: essays research papers

Racial Prejudice in British Immigration Policy Introduction The purpose of this paper is that to highlight what I see as racist, unjust and inhumane elements in Britain’s immigration system and the culture of secrecy surrounds it. The permanent residents (who has indefinite leave to remain), central to this discussion not the illegal immigrants and bogus asylum seekers. Also immigration’s treatments of people coming over to Britain for a range of other reasons and with papers and visas they expect to be accepted have been highlighted. Mainly my argument is, compared with other countries, UK is more suspicious of all people entering the country and they discriminate against people from ‘underdeveloped’ countries. I have read and quoted from various books in the Immigration subject area. Mainly, Ms. Catriona J. MacKenzie’s dissertation â€Å"Africans & UK Immigration Controls† for the degree of Masters in Social Work & Social Policy, which has been submitted to the University of Glasgow in 1995 greatly helped me to construct this paper. I also conducted a number of interviews in UK and Turkey with individuals with immigration difficulties. I also made extensive use of the Glasgow University Library. Citizenship The membership of individuals in modern democratic societies is marked by the status of citizenship. Those who belong in a given nation-state have documents certifying their membership. More importantly, citizens possess a wide range of civil, political and social rights. The reality has always been somewhat different. Most nation-states have had groups on their territory not considered capable of belonging, and therefore either denied citizenship or alternatively forced to go through a process of cultural assimilation in order to belong. Moreover, even those with formal membership have often been denied some of the rights vital to citizenship, so that they have not fully belonged. Discrimination based on class, gender, ethnicity, race, religion and other criteria has always meant that some people could not be full citizens. Securing the participation of previously excluded groups has been seen as the key to democratisation. Nazism and the ‘Final Solution’ temporarily stigmatised racial-biological thinking after 1945. However, the ‘New Racism’ that emerged in the 1970s evaded the opprobrium of biological racism and eugenics by superficially relocating difference away from phenotype and genes and on to culture. This has had dramatic effect on nature and appearance of racism in Britain. By camouflaging hereditary qualities as cultural inheritance, it became possible for mainstream politicians to inject racism back into debates about nationality and citizenship.

Method of Radical Doubt

The method of doubt that is used to attain certainty was formulated by famous Western philosopher Rene Descartes (Burnham & Fieser). It was initially formulated to be a method for religion, science, and epistemology (Burnham & Fieser). He lived in the 16th to 17th century, and created works on mathematics and physics (Burnham & Fieser). His method of radical or hyperbolic doubt was a product of his being a radical skeptic. This position means that Descartes did not readily accept anything as true. Moreover, he did not immediately classify anything as knowledge. Thus, contrary to the inclinations of philosophers and thinkers of his time, he never believed in anything unless they passed his test of indubitability (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes vehemently denied the prevailing concepts of his time, as put forward by the Aristotelian, Scholastic, and Medieval traditions (Burnham & Fieser). This gave birth to his determination to be a radical skeptic, which for him allowed him to start anew in his quest for a philosophical foundation (Burnham & Fieser). However, it is important to note that Descartes’ radical skepticism is different from the position of other skeptics, which is doubting for the sake of doubting. Feature Article Relative Rates:  Free-Radical Bromination Being a radical skeptic, Descartes desperately searched for true knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). For him, knowledge is based on truth and indubitability (Burnham & Fieser). A certain proposition would only be accepted as knowledge if it were true and does not entertain doubt (Burnham & Fieser). For example, one’s knowledge of a table is brought about by his belief that it is true and real. Descartes formulated a criteria of knowledge based on clarity and distinctness, which gives a person confidence in his determination of whether a statement is worthy of being accepted as true knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes’ radical skepticism is characterized by his comprehensive rejection of the reliability of accepting ideas as truth or knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). He is known for the wide-ranging premise that truth is not represented by a person’s ideas (Burnham & Fieser). For him, ideas cannot be automatically classified as truth (Burnham & Fieser). Quite the contrary, ideas obscure a person’s perception of the truth. (Burnham & Fieser). Thus Descartes rejected all ideas that are susceptible to doubt. In this connection, he likewise excluded mere wishes or opinions from real knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). For him, such dubitable ideas could not serve the purpose of determining the foundation for philosophy or knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes’ method of hyperbolic doubt was explained in detail in his work published in 1641, entitled Meditations on First Philosophy, wherein he discussed issues regarding the existence of God and the distinction between mind and body (Burnham & Fieser). In this book, Descartes concluded that there is at least a doubting being whose existence is independent of its body; namely, himself (Burnham & Fieser, 2006). Descartes’ method of hyperbolic doubt consists of several stages (Burnham & Fieser). First, it involves the identification of a class of knowledge that is unreliable because it is not credible (Burnham & Fieser). This class of knowledge refers to sensory information, or those gathered from sensory stimuli (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes’ choice of doubting sensory knowledge is based on his stand that sensory knowledge has been known for failing in the past (Burnham & Fieser). Furthermore, Descartes claims that there is a distinct possibility that it will still fail in the future. Moreover, he referred to optical illusions, which are sensory knowledge that is based on deception. They make a person believe that his perceptions differ from what truly exists in the world (Burnham & Fieser. For Descartes, therefore, sensory knowledge cannot be trusted. Descartes next subjected his own ideas to radical doubt (Burnham & Fieser). This he did by imagining that there exists a God who deceives him into thinking his thought, beliefs, and perceptions. (Burnham & Fieser, 2006). However, due to Descartes’ strong belief in God, he later replaced the idea of God as the deceiver to avoid disagreeing with his Christian belief, and conjured the idea of a malevolent demon who deceives him (Burnham & Fieser). Under this test, Descartes was able to conclude that even his own ideas cannot be trusted because they can still be doubted, since they could have been implanted in his mind by the malevolent demon (Burnham & Fieser). Finally, Descartes settled with the conclusion that he exists (Burnham & Fieser). This conclusion he reached through mental intuition, because he noticed that there were statements that are presented to his mind with sufficient clarity and distinctness that there is no reason to doubt them (Burnham & Fieser). This gave rise to his famous phrase, â€Å"I think therefore I am,† or â€Å"Cogito ergo sum (Burnham & Fieser).† This cannot be doubted, because the fact that he doubts shows that there is an existing entity who performs the doubting (Burnham & Fieser). If he did not exist in the first place, then there is no being whom the malevolent demon would be deceiving (Burnham & Fieser).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In sum, Descartes arrived at one conclusion using his method of radical doubt. This conclusion is that it is the indubitable truth that he is a thinking entity that exists (Burnham & Fieser). Works Cited Burnham, D. & Fieser, J. â€Å"Renà © Descartes (1596-1650).† The Internet Encyclopedia of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philosophy. 2006. 1 Apr. 2007 .      

Gandhi as a Leader Essay

Gandhi is one of the most prominent political leaders of 20th century. According to experts he single handedly motivated the people of brutalized and oppressed country to fight a non-violent battle against the mightiest empire of the world at that time. His leadership style is talked discussed across schools, universities, management institutes, political circles and corporate organizations across the world. This paper will shed light on what was Gandhi’s leadership style, how it was so effective and what is its relevance in today’s world. For a leader and first and foremost is the knowledge of his/her followers. This can come either with understanding them closely or coming from them. Gandhi came from normal background. He suffered the atrocities himself for example he was thrown out of a train on railway station because he wasn’t white and can’t travel first class. Gandhi didn’t take that humiliation silently but decided to resist it through various conventions. Secondly he identified with the common people and decided to leave the western style wardrobe with much more minimalist one as the masses in India could only afford that. He decided to live simply and sleep on ground like masses of Indians at that time. By living like them and traveling third class in train people able to identify with him (Communication ) and realized that here is the man who not only know what they are going through but also living it with them. Gandhi motto was not ‘I know what you are going through’ but that was of ‘we have to fight it out together to get freedom’. When Gandhi started India was a divided countries ruled by either Britishers directly or number of patrons of British who were equally brutal in oppressing people. Gandhi knew that if India has to get Independence than every section of Indian society has to contribute to it. With his influential he tried to bring the neglected sections of the society into mainstream and motivated them to fight for a common cause. Gandhi strategy (Planning) was clear, he wants to challenge the morality of the most brutal force on the face of earth and want to gain independence for India with a non violent struggle. His belief in non violence was unshakable so much so that once in the course of civil disobedience mob got violent and burnt down the police station. He refused to take it as an aberration and called off the civil disobedience movement. Secondly the planning of the struggle is also done in an evolutionary way. Gandhi understood that if the britishers leave at once there will be a vacuum and that will be filled by the violent sects of the society which are comparatively more organized compare to liberal power in the beginning of the struggle. In the beginning Gandhi launched struggle for right for independent primaries with in the british rule. Once able to achieve them he designed the campaign for no taxation and finally a full blown struggle for complete freedom (Vision). The relevance of Gandhi has not decreased over the years, infact it has significantly increased given the trigger hungry world we live in. Martin Luther King Jr followed the example of Gandhi in resisting racism and fought for civil rights by challenging the morality of ruling America. A bullet for bullet gives the oppressor the right to oppress more and way to fight oppression is not subjecting to it and resisting it by questioning the morality of it. Knowledge@Wharton (2006) Gandhi, Mandela, Mother Teresa, a Tree, a Pillow †¦ Images of Leadership from Future Leaders. Retrieved on 25th Feb from http://knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=1417 Gandhi (1926). My Experiments with Truth. Govt of India Publication.

A Summary and Review on an Action Research Report

This is an action research project by a group of students taking up Master of Arts in Teaching and Leadership from Saint Francis University in Chicago, Illinois. It focuses on the use of guided reading in the improvement of student’s reading comprehension and fluency as summarized in the title.Chapter one of the research report begins with a general statement of the problem and focuses on the immediate problem context which are Sites A and B. It describes each school site in terms of its physical structure, profile and salaries of teachers and staff, profile of students, and profile of the district population as well as the profile of its surrounding community.It also points out the national context of the problem and how teachers of the concerned schools can solve the problem. At this point, the researchers included related studies and related literature on the procedures and benefits of guided reading.Chapter two presents the documentation of evidences on the problem. It pre sents a result of a teacher survey which proved the existence of the problem on the students’ reading comprehension and fluency. Research studies on the problem that were conducted by other researchers are revealed. Furthermore, the possible causes of the problem are also discussed.Chapter three provides the strategy for solving the existing problem and it deliberates the literature review on guided reading. It has specified the procedural details, the persons involved and the time frame of the research project.   It also presents in a table a detailed action plan which includes the objectives, interventions, targeted group behaviour, teacher/ researcher behaviour, materials and time duration. The methods of assessment are also given.Chapter four imparts the steps that were done to collect data, the results of the project, the conclusions and recommendations and the reflections of the teacher researchers. It concludes â€Å"that the guided reading intervention using levell ed texts was highly successful in addressing the problem of the reading comprehension and fluency of grades 2 and 4.† Thus, they recommend this reading intervention to those teachers whose students are having problems in reading comprehension and fluency.The researchers have been impersonal in writing the four chapters. However, it became personal when they wrote their reflections on the end part of the paper. There was an inconsistency in the pronouns used because of the 1st person personal pronoun â€Å"we† used on page 31. There are approximately four times more active voice clauses than passive voice clauses in the text. In fact, they are too many to be counted.The paper has been objective in presenting information whether from the researchers’ data gathering or information from other authors. In reporting facts and data, the writers were neutral in their attitude. Indeed, the text has an average degree of formality. Though, it cannot be highly formal because of the personal nature of its closing part.The text has used grammatical cohesive devices such as the linking signals: additionally (10), in conclusion (14), the first †¦, the second†¦(16), the third†¦ (17), during week two (41), in week four, the following week (42), and many more. It also used substitution such as â€Å"this problem† to refer to the below grade level expectancy on reading tasks of students in grades 2 and 4 (1) and â€Å"as stated above† to refer to â€Å"helping readers develop independent, effective strategies (12).†A few of the lexical cohesive devices used in the text are the repetition of phrases such as â€Å"guided reading† (10-13) and â€Å"thirst for reading† (13).

How do the poems reflect the experiences of going to War and at War? Essay

The experiences of World War One are reflected in a variety of different ways. Poems are a very good source of seeing how the different attitudes from the War, are expressed. In this essay I will analyse the mood and tone, mood, language and attitudes of the writers in â€Å"Dead Man’s Dump† and â€Å"Exposure†. The mood and tone in Dead Man’s Dump (DMD) is defined from the very first stanza. It is very descriptive and describes the actual movement of the horses that pull the gun carriages over a ruined and battle wounded road (â€Å"Plunging limbers over the shattered track†). This creates a very negative image in the readers mind and sets an attitude against the War. There is also a very strong, prominent religious tone in the poem which is also seen in the first stanza when the barbed wire is described as â€Å"Crowns of thorns† which links towards the death of Christ. This could imply that the soldiers, like Christ, are sacrificing their lives for God and their people. This could be seen as a Pro-War meaning. On the other hand it could mean that the Soldiers are also doomed to die like Christ was doomed to be crucified. The Language used in DMD is very archaic, such as â€Å"Man Born of Man, and born of woman†, which reflects more of the religious undertone in the whole of the poem and expresses that since the age of Christ, people have died for Christ and Kingdom. Moreover the language is very emotive and strong, like in stanza three â€Å"Now she has them at last†, where Earth is personified and is repossessing the men after she had made them, watched them live and now is waiting for the soldiers to die and return to her soil and be part of the earth again. The attitude of the writer, Isaac Rosenberg, is shown throughout the poem but is most prominent in the last stanza when he is describing one soldier dying. â€Å"So we crashed round the bend, / We heard his weak scream, / We heard his very last sound, / And our wheels grazed his dead face.† This is a very personal ending as Rosenberg uses collective viewpoint and therefore includes himself into the poem, and it shows it from his personal experience. The last four lines of this poem seem very sudden and it seems as if it is happening in the present with the reader. The impact of the experience of seeing the newly dead body not only affects the reader but also must have affected the writer, which he shows us through his writing. Exposure has lots of different meanings. Even though it is only one word it makes us wonder what he meant, who is exposed and to what? It could be the men are exposed to the elements, which could be what the whole poem is about. It could be the men being exposed to death, so, like a flower, in winter which slowly freezes, until, eventually it shrivels up and dies, or it could be the men being exposed to the enemy but which is very unlikely as the enemy is not directly mentioned in the poem at all. In Exposure the mood is dreary and cold and sad. Words that prove this are â€Å"Knive†, â€Å"Mad† and Shaking Grasp†. It shows that this poem was an anti war poem as it is graphic and truthful. Owen probably wanted to shock people because the description is very vivid. Also a lot about the elements is mentioned which shows that the real enemy was not the Germans (who are not mentioned at all in the poem) but the wind, snow, rain and hail, which could also be why he used this as one of his main themes. Also Misery was a theme which he showed by using â€Å"Wearied† and â€Å"Nervous† which shows just how scared these men in the trenches were of everything. Exposure does not really have a rhythm because it is very messy and the dactylic diameter is very weak. I think it is to show the confusion and tiredness on the soldiers in the trenches, but it could also represent their slurred speech and their sluggish thoughts. It could also represent the mess and destruction, so we can picture it clearly. A very long layout of the stanzas is used in Exposure. The sentences are long and slow, which starts to bear down on the reader – to create a sense of empathy with the soldiers’ situation. Each stanza is cut short through the use of caesuras, which makes you more aware of the poem, sharply drawing your focus; Owen could be trying to represent how the soldiers jolt in and out of consciousness when they are on guard or waiting to fight and how they then are alerted by something like a flurry of bullets. It is very vivid and unpleasant, which Owen does purposely to mimic the soldiers’ experience. The ellipsis help to show this too, â€Å"the poignant misery of dawn begins to grow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Exposure demands a less deep understanding of it because the meaning is less hidden. The misery is very direct and powerful. This shows that Owen wanted the reader to empathise with the soldiers. An example of this is shown in stanza two: Like twitching agonies of men among its brambles It is a use of imagery and personification. It also links the barbed wire to nature, which is used a lot in the poem to show the harshness and merciless wrath of it. It could also be from a religious point of view, as it could mean that god is shunning them for causing a war on earth. This could lead to the meaning that the men were on the verge of gaining or losing faith in god and that they are questioning his existence. Collective pronouns like â€Å"we† and â€Å"our† are used to show that the men are united and stand together against the enemy. But it could also mean that they are one writhing mass of pained soldiers that have changed so much that they are unidentifiable, that they have forgotten names and just use collective pronouns. Exposure is altogether a very serious and deep poem, as it encourages you to think about it a lot during the process of reading it. The reader empathises during it and also at the end gets to feel a fraction of what the soldiers did in the trenches, so they are left with a sense of misery and distraught. It helps to learn about the soldiers by reading this, as it is very vivid and uses imagery and personification. Both â€Å"Dead Man’s Dump† and â€Å"Exposure† reflect very negative aspects of the war, but from very different perspectives. Whereas â€Å"exposure concentrates on nature as an enemy, â€Å"DMD† concentrates on Death and Loss and is very personal, and they both help us to view the war in different more realistic ways.

A Study on the Benefit of Children’s Exposure to Violence in Media as Described by Gerard Jones in His Book, Violent Media Is Good For Kids

A Study on the Benefit of Children’s Exposure to Violence in Media as Described by Gerard Jones in His Book, Violent Media Is Good For Kids Who better to help the younger generations through the angst and frustration that comes with the burden of growing up than a comic book artist? In â€Å"Violent Media is Good for Kids†, Gerard Jones writes about the positive aspects exposing children to violent media. Opening the essay with his personal experience and the outlet it allowed him as he was growing up, he slowly transitions into discussing other children’s similarly positive encounters. Jones argues that in most instances, it is helpful and healthy for a child to be exposed to violent media. The audience that Jones is trying to persuade seems to be very clear after initially reading the essay. Digging a little deeper, the essay was first published on the magazine Mother Jones’s website. In the â€Å"about† section on the Mother Jones website their mission is described as, â€Å"a strong voice for social justice: Racial discrimination, womens rights, environmental justice, and the plight of immigrant farmworkers are all issues you will find covered in the magazine from its first year of publication to the present† (Hochschild, Mother Jones: The Magazine). Learning about what the purpose of this publication stands for, it becomes even more apparent which audience that Jones is speaking to. As a very left-wing publication, Jones seems to be trying to persuade new parents of the same political views that raising their children around some violent media is okay. Gerard Jones spends the essay supporting his argument to these parents with minimal use of log os but great use of pathos and ethos. Gerard Jones opens his essay with the use of ethos, constructing his credibility by describing his childhood and how violent media positively helped him maneuver through his road to adulthood. Jones explains that as he was growing up, his parents taught him the same thing that many others are taught as children, that violence is not the correct way to handle conflict and that anger is a feeling to be left out of matters. Jones describes his childhood in the first paragraph, â€Å"My parents, not trusting the violent world of the late 1960s, built a wall between me and the crudest elements of American pop culture† (199). Although his parents made great attempts at stifling their child into a pacifist young adult, Jones discovered the wonderful world of Marvel and the Hulk. Identifying most with the Hulk, Jones imagined himself following his â€Å"fantasy self† which allowed him to do whatever he wanted, without a care of what disapproval may follow. Being an angry child that was able to channel his rage through comic books helps Jones solidify his position that violent media is not always as terrible as it is made out to be. As an adult, Jones is not only a comic book writer, but also an advocate for exposing children to violent media. Working alongside Melanie Moore, a psychologist, the two of them study the way violent stories help children develop in a healthy way. Demonstrating logos, Jones quotes his colleague, Moore, Fear, greed, power-hunger, rage: these are aspects of ourselves that we try not to experience in our lives but often want, even need, to experience vicariously through stories of others. Children need violent entertainment in order to explore the inescapable feelings that theyve been taught to deny, and to reintegrate those feelings into a more whole, more complex, more resilient selfhood (201). Adding a psychologist’s perspective, Jones is setting his point more firmly by bringing in an outside authority. Completing his method of relating his credibility to the reader, Jones turns the reader’s attention to facts from a person in the field of understanding the way the bra in works and habits of human beings. Delving deeper into his reasoning for being a credible source on the subject of children and violent media, Jones returns to the use of ethos to further establish not only his authority, but Moore’s. After discussing his history with the reader and establishing some scientific background, Jones gives some slight overview of the work that he does with the help of Moore. Jones states that he started a program called â€Å"Power Play† where he helps â€Å"young people improve their self-knowledge and sense of potency through heroic, combative storytelling† (201). Establishing that his is a topic he not only studies but is heavily involved in helps the reader believe that what he is saying is true. Jones is not only reading charts, answers from a survey, or however he and Moore conduct their research but is, instead, actively involving himself with children and including violent stories into their development. Giving the reader an understanding of how violence in med ia can help children, Jones is persuading the reader with examples of his work. Transitioning from heavy use of ethos, Jones turns to pathos near the end of his piece. Once he got the reader to understand him as an author, Jones seems to have set about getting the reader to understand the reason behind his passion. Telling the tale of a young girl he worked with, Jones describes that although her home life is not an ideal situation, listening to rap as helped her find â€Å"a theater of the mind in which she could be powerful, ruthless, invulnerable† (202). Jones explains that she went to college and became a writer while avoiding the use of the drugs her peers were using (202). He seems to be trying to put the reader into the mind of a struggling adolescent to feel empathy for the children who are not blessed with a peaceful life at home. Reminding the reader, possibly, of times when life was confusing and messy assists Jones in giving the reader a second to consider that maybe things would have been easier had they had an outlet to give their rage over to. This placement of the reader into the shoes of an angry adolescent is vital in Jones’ argument. Gerard Jones is a clear writer in thoughts and example, building a solid case in favor of letting children experience violent media. Jones makes great examples of real people to further his point because it gives the reader something solid to relate to. Additionally, his and Moore’s credentials gives the reader a writer that they can trust. There is a really strong building of trust between the reader and the writer throughout the entire piece with Jones spending most of his time establishing himself as a reliable source for the subject. At the end of this piece, it is hard to believe that most people will not be swayed into letting their children partake in an hour of Power Rangers.

Theory of International Politics by Kenneth N.WALTZ Essay

Theory of International Politics by Kenneth N.WALTZ - Essay Example make some claim to being theoretically important; to construct a theory of international politics that remedies the defects of present theories† (p.1). On this basis, in Chapter 1, Waltz addresses pre-existing theory pertaining to the correlation between laws and international behaviour. Whilst he acknowledges that legal compliance and laws may provide a correlation to state behaviour and international politics, Waltz feels that is theory that explains them and to this end attempts to reconstruct classic realism through a somewhat scientific approach. On this basis, Waltz’s book seeks to go beyond the classic realist position of politics in terms of state characteristics and state interaction with each other and he argues that â€Å"the idea that international politics can be thought of as a system with a precisely defined structure is neorealism’s fundamental departure from traditional realism.† Therefore Waltz’s central theory of neorealism in international politics is underpinned by Waltz’s proposition that the system of international politics is inherently dependent on a system of anarchy. This system of anarchy according to Waltz effectively creates the international order of hierarchy, which is further defined by states who are unitary rational actors on the one hand and rational actors on the other. To this end, Waltz’s discussion of the Cold War, highlights his propensity towards viewing the international political order from a systemic perspective as opposed to considering the intentions of individual states and human behaviour, which is arguably the inherent weakness of the book in context of contemporary international politics. For example, in focusing on the international politics as a whole state system as opposed to individual state level factors, Waltz avoids assumptions about human nature and morality and power in international politics. Waltz’s neo-realist paradigm proposes that the central factor in international politics is

Food and Beverage Lodging Organizational Structure Essay

Food and Beverage Lodging Organizational Structure - Essay Example Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the organizational structure related to the operation of Food and Beverage in the hotel lodging industry. Further, the relationship between organizational structure and process management will be analysed. According to Shock & Stefanelli (1999), hotel restaurants have traditionally been managed as a secondary function, the second largest source of revenue, with the main operation being provision of rooms with boarding amenities. A new focus on outsourcing leads to creative planning and strategic alliances with well-known restaurant brands. â€Å"Organizational structure refers to the organization’s â€Å"formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, authority, and decision making processes† (Hoskisson, 2008, p.309). When these elements of structure are properly aligned with each other and with necessary processes, the structure enables effective implementation of the organization’s strategies. Because of the diversity of services provided, the food and beverage department is subdivided into several units (Excerpt, 1999). The executive chef runs the food production or kitchen department, and is a very important person of authority in the organizational structure. Various culinary specialists responsible for different aspects of food preparation report to the executive chef. A separate department, headed by the assistant food and beverage director is responsible for the actual serving of food in the restaurants of large hotels. The food service section includes the individual restaurant and outlet managers, maitre d’ hotel, waiters, waitresses, and other help. Based on the special concerns and duties related to room service in large hotels and lodging facilities, a separate subunit is designated for the purpose. Similarly, separate departments may be responsible for the sale of alcoholic beverages,

Aviation Maintenance Programs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aviation Maintenance Programs - Research Paper Example To address the safety concerns the Federal Administration Aviation and the military services often take similar or divergent maintenance programs to address the aircraft safety issues. The paper will look at the similarities and differences of how the Federal Administration and the military service run their aircraft maintenance programs. The paper will also make a comparison of aviation maintenance programs of the United States and those of other countries in the world. Similarities Similar Internal Mechanism used to Communicate Safety Related Information In running the aircraft maintenance programs, both the military service and the Federal Administration Aviation have established a formal and informal internal means to realize their aircraft safety issues. In both cases, there are established formal internal mechanisms that are used to convey any official information that is of concern such as those of giving orders and directives in the aviation industry and the military service. In cases where the Federal Administration aviation predicts any unsafe condition for the aircraft, they issue a formal airworthiness directive of the unsafe condition to the primary owners and the operators of the aircraft so that they can take precautionary measure to avoid areas that are considered unsafe for the aircraft to pass through (United States General Accounting Office, 2000). In case of large civil commercial airplanes, the airworthiness directive is first written by the agency based in Renton, Washington, and then sends to the Federal Administration Aviatio

Sports Concussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports Concussions - Essay Example His reasons are that most kids arent coordinated enough to head the ball or their ignorance on how to head a ball can cause injuries to them or a collision with another player. He also states that a player can learn good ball control if they used chest and feet more and frequently. Past soccer players have come out to complain having some brain damage issues which is not common or frequent in other sports such as football. Sarah K. Fields another debater in the article, debates that it isnt so much heading the ball but collisions while trying to head the ball. 10% of all injuries for both boys and girls in the league she coaches in have been only to headers. Young males were 33% concussed from heading the ball and the other 77% was due to a collision between the two players. She states that soccer is supposed to be a safer sport then baseball, and football thus efforts ought to be taken to ensure safety during heading. Similarly, better officiating should be embraced when two players go up for a header. Debater Christopher Nowinski, states that no regardless of circumstances, in youth soccer there will always be a chance of child getting a concussion whether while heading the ball or colliding with another for the ball. He also states that since the child’s brain is still developing, heading the ball can cause a lot of head trauma. Headers should never be taken out of the game since they have been part of the game all along, intuitively, there have been more and more concussion’s and head trauma injuries. In the article â€Å"How Risky is Heading in Soccer † writers debated whether or not headers should be taken out of youth soccer. Writers shared with us facts about headers, and how most concussion injuries are from collisions between two players. Debater Christopher Nowinski, from the article â€Å"How Risky is Heading in Soccer† says

The Autistic Student Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Autistic Student - Research Paper Example Individuals who suffer from autism cannot survive without a caregiver in the society and face difficulties when entering a relationship. All these above mentioned factors clearly show that autism is a disorder which needs to be cured to have a better society. For this purpose several cures have been proposed which involve early intervention programs for the children. The question now arises if the cure for autism by intervention and diagnosis is successful or not. In my view governments should take an equal stand in the early intervention programs for the autistic children (Wray et al 2005; Dorothea 2009). An autistic student would possibly be exhibiting many signs of autism which should be noticed by the teacher or the parent to confirm the diagnosis of the disorder. An autistic student may suffer from many problems while studying in the class which can easily be identified. As autistic children have developmental problems they tend to suffer from social problems within the school. Social deficits in the child can be noticed easily as this student cannot make an eye contact with anyone. The student faces problems when socializing with other students and teachers. It can also be noticed that this student does not have friends within the school because of the fear that he may have for socializing with others. ... It is seen that the autistic student cannot speak properly and blabbers at many instances with the teacher. The student cannot interact properly and would use improper gestures to exhibit his feelings. The student does not share his personal feelings nor has the courage to stand for something that he has not done. Even when the students are asked to participate in the class activities it is seen that the autistic student finds it very difficult to participate in them. The student is known to face many problems in the class because of which he has difficulties in studying with other students (Dorothea 2009; Wray et al 2005). The autistic student also faces difficulty when adjusting to specific routines in the school. For example when the timetable of the students is changed from one class to the other the autistic student takes long to get used to the new routine. In simple words these autistic children do not easily adapt to new routines and rituals. The student is also obsessed with certain objects that he sees in his environment. For example some of the autistic students are obsessed with the pencil that they have. At many instances it can be noticed that these autistic students are picking up their pencil and examining it. These characteristics help in confirming that the student is suffering from autism. Lastly the autistic student also displays repetitive behaviors which can be seen in different actions. In the classroom the student is seen to stack pencils and rubbers in an arranged manner. Moreover he often moves while sitting in the same fashion which can be noticed by the teacher. These five characteristics are commonly seen in autistic students which should be noticed by the teacher so that the student can be diagnosed

Segmentation and Market Target Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Segmentation and Market Target Paper - Essay Example The essay discusses Apple’s criteria for market segmentation as well as market segmentation mediums. The main approach that the company uses is market segmentation. The management’s market segmentation is based on concepts of economics while dividing organizations and people into categories with a derivative of similar products. According to Hiebing, Cooper & Wehrenberg (2011), the concept responds positively to the marketing messages of the product. In achieving this, Apple eliminates wasted resources with an attempt of marketing to consumers without interests in the company’s product. The different segmentation types used by Apple include Demographic, Psychographic, Geographic, and Behavioral Segmentation utilized in creating effective marketing campaign. According to McDonald & Wilson (2011), Apple’s demographic segmentation involves division of the company products based on characteristics of certain market. The approach includes income, age, sex, race, and education. The geographic segmentation concepts are differentiated on the basis of physical locations in potential consumers. Further, Apple’s psychographic segmentation involves the lifestyles or personalities of potential consumers. Behavioral segmentation for the Apple Company is based on the analysis of consumers’ actions. According to Estelami (2009), market segmentation in has narrowed from complicated processes that required significant research on consumer behavior. Currently, the firm has in-depth understanding of company objectives and goals. The initial step for market segmentation involves identification of broad markets that are attained through existing channels. For instance, Apple Inc. has produced the iPod as one of its fast moving consumer goods. On the other hand, prior the start of research and development for the product, the department identified broad markets used by the iPod within music markets. The

Cultural acceptance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural acceptance - Essay Example The dish is a blend of the American tradition and the Chinese heritage. This made her celebrate her mixed culture, despite her white complexion. She describes her identity, as ‘My very existence is a mark of progress and a symbol of my country’. Cultural diversity appreciation creates a sense of pride and personal belonging. Cultural diversity in America as presented by Fong in her article presents different pros and cons. The demise of Fong’s grandmother is a reminder of the cultural appreciation that the family embraced especially through the ‘Thanksgiving dish’. The dish was so special in integrating the American tradition and the Chinese heritage, Fong and her cousins always enjoyed the dish and the meal was a true source of their heritage, she describes it as ‘the feast she prepared was always much larger’. The Thanksgiving acted as a reminder of the grandmother’s eleven grandchildren who would gather for the feast. The thanksgiving feast reminded Fong of the grandmother’s delicacy and not other common American traditional beliefs and practices. Fong’s description of her mixed racial affiliation depicts her belonging. She describes herself, as ‘I’m half Asian, half Anglo and completely American’. Despite the earlier discrimin ation against cultural affiliations, the picture has continued to change. The current crop of people has come to a point of celebrating cultural diversity and has been viewed positively especially, because of what the young generation has been able to learn in school. The government could rarely provide for people of mixed cultures but now the picture appears different. Fong could always indicate that she was Asian despite her mixed affiliations. Full embrace of Chinese culture is something that never came to happen for Fong. The fact that her grandmother never taught her father the Cantonese language, ate using

Violent Video Game Debate Essay Example for Free

Violent Video Game Debate Essay Hook: A lot of people in this room alone have probably at least once played a violent video game or at least have seen someone play a game that is violent. Games such as Call of Duty, Halo, or Gears of War. Heck I own all three of those games, but that’s beside the point. What good can come out of playing games where you repetitively kill others and see some ridiculous gory images? Honestly what good can come out of this when developing minds are playing games where they shoot peoples heads off over and over? Like I said, yeah I myself have played these games and haven’t really thought about the effects of playing them but the statistics and studies don’t lie when it comes to linking violent video games with increased aggression in mainly teenagers, and to play the games so much to where it numbs your mind and you have no concept of what is actually going on in reality around you. Argument 1: Research finds that children who play violent video games can become violent themselves, but are these people just mimicking what they see on the screen or do the games leave lasting effects on the brain? I mean that would be pretty messed up if a video game could have negative lasting effects on the brain right? Well†¦ Time Magazine reported on a study conducted by Dr. Vincent Mathews and his colleagues at Indiana University where they took a group of 28 students all young adult males and they randomly assigned the students to play either a violent, first person shooter game or a non-violent one every day for a week. None of the the participants had much previous gaming experience. At the beginning of the study, researchers used functional MRI to scan brain activity in the participants, while they completed lab-based tasks involving either emotional or non-emotional content. A week later after playing their games every day for that week they were scanned again as they repeated the same tasks. At the start of the study, researchers used functional MRI to scan brain activity in the participants, all young adult men, while they completed lab-based tasks involving either emotional or non-emotional content. The participants were then scanned again while they repeated the same tasks, after a week of playing the video games. Researchers found that those who played the violent video games showed less activity in areas that involved emotions, attention and inhibition of our impulses. â€Å"Behavioral studies have shown an increase in aggressive behavior after violent video games, and what we show is the physiological explanation for what the behavioral studies are showing,† says Matthews. â€Å"We’re showing that there are changes in brain function that are likely related to that behavior. † It’s not clear how long-lasting the changes may be. When Matthews brought the participants back after a week of not playing video games, their brain activity had changed again, reverting to more normal reactions, but their brain functions still weren’t quite the same as before they were exposed to the violent games. Following playing the game they put the participants through some tests where it was clear that the students who played the violent first person shooter game showed signifigantly less activation of the emotional centers of the brain. Meaning the games had left their brain unable to show proper emotions or reactions to what’s going on around them. The brain changes don’t appear to be permanent, but documenting that the brain does change in response to playing a violent game — even just for two hours a day for a week — is a significant advance in understanding how young players may be affected by these games. The brain changes that Matthews’ group saw were similar to those seen in teens with destructive sociopathic disorders, and his results, along with those from previous studies showing shorter-term effects, have been used in court cases by parents and others hoping to limit violent game play among young children. Do you think its messed up that the patterns observed in that study were the same as those with destructive sociopathic disorders? Argument 2: So now that you know for a fact that violent video games effect the brain in a bad way, but what else could they effect? Teen driving habits and reckless driving for teenagers. A group of researchers at Dartmouth College did a study where they found a shockingly positive correlation in risky driving habits with teenagers that played violent video games that involved driving such as Grand Theft auto. The researchers interviewed a group of teenagers when they first got their license that played these games, and a group that didn’t play the games. After time they checked up on their study participants and found that the ones that played the games were involved in a substantially larger number of wrecks and received a lot more tickets. Not only did the group that played the violent video games get in more wrecks and receive more tickets, there was a large number from this group that admitted to driving drunk where the group that didn’t play these games had no admittances to driving under the influence. The researchers of the study propose that violent video games change a young players self-perception, so that they see themselves as someone who does risky things. In other words, they are suggesting, the players try to become more like the characters they are controlling on screen. Recap: Good: Nothing. Bad: A lot.. Lasting negative effects to the brain, increased aggression, positive correlation with reckless and drunk driving with teenagers. Hmmm I’ll let you decide. Argument 3: By looking at this kid, would you say he looks like a murderer? I don’t think so. But here’s his story on how his strong addiction and how what I talked about in the first study directly ties into his case of murdering his mother and shooting his father all because of the video game Halo 3. The controversy between Daniel and his parents began when they forbade Daniel from buying and playing the Xbox 360 game Halo 3. Petric’s sister, Heidi Petric, testified in court that Daniel never played the game until he contracted staphylococcus infection from a jetski injury and was housebound. Petric was introduced to the Halo franchise while at the house of his friend, the Johnsons. His father, Mark Petric, was a minister at the New Life Assembly of God in Wellington. Both parents objected the idea of their son playing a violent game with adult ratings and did not find it suitable for him. Mark testified that Daniel sneaked out of the house one evening and purchased the game without either of the parent’s knowledge. While housebound, Daniel would sometimes play the game for up to 18 hours at a time without taking a break. After his parents found out that he had gone against their wishes and purchased the game, they immediately took the game away and locked it in a safe that also incidentally concealed a 9mm Taurus PT-92 handgun.

Air Pollution, Water Pollution And Land Pollution

Air Pollution, Water Pollution And Land Pollution POLLUTION POLLUTION, the most commonly used word in our everyday life relating to the destruction of the natural air we breathe, the water we drink and the land we live on. No doubt the world is rapidly developing in every area possible which makes our lives much easier to live but on the other hand forgetting that we ourselves are destroying the natural resources. Many environmental researches have proved that it is because of the rapid growth in technology and other areas of growth that leads to a massive increase the growth of pollution. The unexpected pollution caused is mainly due to the human activities such as globalization, industrialization, and expanding increase in technology. This change is experienced not in a short term but in a long run, when it slowly started affecting people. Pollution can be formally defined as the undesirable and unintended contamination of the environment by human activities such as manufacturing, waste disposal, burning fossil fuels etc. The effect of pollution can be experienced in different ways. The most common ways of pollution are: Air pollution Water pollution Land pollution. AIR POLLUTION: This tern is not something new, it has been existing since he time of industrial revolution where in big chimneys are pointed out in the air which releases harmful gases into the atmosphere. This phenomenon has been increasing since then as the industries have been developing simultaneously. Today, air pollutants have shown a great effect on plantations, health and life, decreasing the enjoyment of living, rising medical costs, causes global warming and also causes the destruction of the ozone layer. One of the major causes of air pollution is the release of carbon di oxide into the atmosphere. This happens because of deforestation and fossil fuel burning. Sulfur dioxide is another main air polluter and is released into the atmosphere by the burning of sulfur containing compounds of fossil fuels. Sulfur dioxide is very harmful for the humans on high concentration and sulfur in the atmosphere is the main cause of acid rains. Chlorofluorocarbons also contribute to air pollution by reducing the ozone layer in the stratosphere. CFCs are produced by the burning of plastic foam items, leaking refrigerator equipment and spray cans. WATER POLLUTION: Contamination of available natural water by industrial wastes and other waste products can be defined as water pollution. Factors causing water pollution can be categorized into two different groups; Point sources and Non- point sources. Point sources are easy to identify and control. Some point sources of water pollution include waste products from factories, waste from sewage, waste from power plants , waste from underground coal mines and waste from oil wells. They are called point sources because these are the direct sources of water pollution and be reduced and monitored. Non- point sources are ambiguously defined and are much harder to control. The term non -point source encompasses a large range of sources like when rain and snow moves through the ground and picks up major pollutants and mover towards a major body of water, the runoff of fertilizers from farms animals and crop lands, air pollutants getting washed or deposited to earth, and storm water drained from streets parking lots and lawns. LAND POLLUTION: The contamination of and with different kinds of wastes is called land pollution. The major causes of land pollution are construction, domestic waste , industrial waste and agriculture. The rising construction of building takes away the trees that takes away the homes of the animals living there. As there are more and more people inhabiting on our planet, the demand for food increases and the forests are cut down to make farm lands. In addition, Herbicides, pesticides, artificial fertilizers and animal manure are washed into the soil and pollute it. Tons of domestic waste is dumped everyday from homes offices etc. They can be recycled or burnt in incinerators. There are still more waste machinery products such as refrigerators and washing machines that are dumped in landfills simply because they cannot be recycled. Plastic factories, oil refineries, nuclear waste disposals, and large animal farms, all lead to land pollution. WAYS TO STOP POLLUTION: We can help to reduce global air pollution and climate change by few ways: Driving a car that gets at least 35 mpg, walking, biking, and using public transportation, using CFL bulbs over incandescent bulbs, buying only energy efficient appliances, recycling newspaper, aluminum, and others, planting trees, avoid purchasing products that contains CFCs, supporting much stricter clean air laws and enforcement of international treaties to reduce ozone depletion and slow global warming.

Case Study On A Patient With Heart Failure

Case Study On A Patient With Heart Failure Mr. SB, 60-year-old male is a retiree and was admitted to the hospital accompanied by his daughter. He is 100kg at a height of 180cm so his calculated body mass index (BMI) was 30.9 indicating that he was overweight. When admitted, patient was complained of shortness of breath for 2 weeks and was worsening on the day of admission. Besides, he also experienced orthopnea, fatigue, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and leg swelling up to his thigh. Mr. SB was admitted to the hospital for to the same problem last year. Mr. SB had known case of heart failure since 3 years ago and he had also diagnosed with hypertension for 5 years. Before admitted to the hospital, patient was taking frusemide 40mg, aspirin 150mg, metoprolol 50mg, amlodipine 10mg, and simvastatin 40mg for his hypertension and heart failure. Patient does not allergic to any medication and he does not take any traditional medicines at home. His family history revealed that his father had died of ischemic heart disease 4 years ago while his brother has hypertension. As for his social history, he smokes 2-3 cigarettes a day for 35 years and the calculated smoking pack years was 5 pack years. Besides, Mr. SB also drinks occasionally. On examination, Mr. SB was found to be alert and conscious but he was having pedal oedema up to his knee. Besides, the patient was noted with bibasal crepitations with no rhonchi. His body temperature was normal. However, his blood pressure was found to be elevated upon admission with a record of 159/100 mmHg with an irregular pulse rate at 85beats/min. His echocardiogram showed that he had left ventricle hypertrophy while chest X-ray was conducted and revealed that the patient had cardiomegaly. Lab investigations such as full blood count, liver function test, urea and electrolyte test and cardiac enzyme were done upon admission. His creatinine concentration was found to be 143 µmol/L. Therefore, the calculated creatinine clearance was 68.8ml/min. Besides, there was also blood found in the urine and the echocardiography showed that the patient has sinus tachycardia. In addition, ECG test was performed on day 1 and the result indicated that there was a T-wave inversion. The patients INR was 1.04 which was lower than normal while APTT was found to be slightly higher (59.4 seconds). Mr. SBs random blood glucose was found to be normal during his hospitalization. Mr. SB was diagnosed with congestive cardiac failure (CCF) with fluid overload. The patient also suffered from hypertension. The management plan included intraveneous frusemide 40mg twice daily, aspirin 150mg once daily, simvastatin 40mg once at night and ramipril 2.5mg once a day. Besides, patient was asked to restrict his fluid intake to 500ml per day and oxygen therapy was given to patient at high flow using a face mask when patient experiencing shortness of breath. As for his clinical progression, on day 1, the patient was complained of shortness of breath, leg swelling and orthopnea. Enchocardiogram showed that he had cardiomegaly. Treatment of CCF was given. Throughout the stay in the hospital, Mr. SB had responded well to the heart failure therapy as there was no more complaint of chest pain or shortness of breath on day 13 and his pedal oedema had gradually improved. However, patients blood pressure throughout day 1 to 9 was fluctuating between the range of 102/67-160/100 mmHg and therefore, hypertension treatment was given and blood pressure on day 10 onwards had been seen fell within the normal range. Furthermore, Mr. SBs renal function became progressively worse from 143 µmol/L on admission to 175 µmol/L on day 11 and the calculated creatinine clearance on day 11 was 56.2ml/min. 2. Pharmacological Basis of Drug Therapy 2.1 Disease Summary Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is a complex syndrome that is usually caused by the inability of heart to pump sufficient blood to meet metabolic needs of body during exercise. It is more commonly known as heart failure38 and it can affect either left or right ventricle or both39. The risk factors predisposing one to heart failure are obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking. Heart failure is commonly characterized by typical signs of fluid retention with symptoms of breathlessness, fatigue, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, and reduced exercise tolerance39. CCF is a common disease which affects approximately 1-2% of the general population in developed countries1. Prevalence increases with age especially those aged above 75 years where the prevalence of CCF could be as high as 10%2. In addition, men are prone to getting heart failure as compared to women1. Each year, there are about 1-5 new cases of CCF per 1,000 population and it also increased with age40. In United Kingdom, the incidence of CCF is about 0.02 cases per 1000 per annum between the ages of 25-34. However, the incidence increased to 11.6 cases in those above 86 years old1. The prognosis for CHF is relatively poor. Approximately 40% of individuals with CCF die within a year after diagnosis3. There are many causes of CHF but the most common underlying causes are heart attack, coronary heart disease, and high blood pressure. Others such as cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease and diabetes may also precipitate heart failure4. An early diagnosis of CHF is often based on the signs and symptoms which the patient is experiencing5. Other tests are needed to confirm or rule out the diagnosis. These include chest X-ray examination, physical examination, electrocardiograph (ECG), echocardiography and exercise testing. The severity of heart failure can be classified according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification system. This system consists of four classes which relate patients symptoms to physical activities and quality of life. Table 1: New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification5. Class Patient Symptoms I (Mild) No symptoms with ordinary physical activity (walking and climbing stairs) II (Mild) Slight limitation of activity with dyspnoea to severe exertions (climbing stairs or walking uphill) III (Moderate) Marked limitation of activity. Less than ordinary activity causes dypsnoea. (restricting walking distance and limiting climbing to one flight of stairs) IV (Severe) Severe disability, dyspnoea at rest. (unable to carry on physical activity without discomfort) 2.2 Drug pharmacology in treatment of congestive cardiac failure Chronic cardiac failure should be treated immediately once it is diagnosed. The goal of treatment is to improve patients quality of life by alleviating the symptoms, improving exercise tolerance, preventing the progression of myocardial damage as well as reducing hospital admission and mortality. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) ACE inhibitors are considered as first line therapy in patients with CCF5. They bind to and inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme which subsequently inhibit the action of angiotensin I. As a consequence, the production of angiotensin II is prevented. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor which has a direct action on kidney to stimulate the secretion of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This will cause sodium and water retention. Hence, ACE inhibitors improve cardiac function and relieve symptoms of oedema by promoting sodium and water excretion41. Besides, they also increase the concentration of a potent vasodilator, bradykinin. This results in a fall in blood pressure as bradykinin is associated with the release of nitric oxide and prostacyclin. However, high levels of bradykinin also responsible for the main adverse effect of ACE inhibitors, dry cough42. Other common side effects include hyperkalaemia, profound hypotension and gastrointestinal disturbances15. ACE inh ibitors are contraindicated in patients with renal impairment even though some studies have shown that they have renal protective properties43. Example of ACE inhibitors are captopril, enalapril, and ramipril. The starting dose for ACEis should be low and the dose should be increased gradually to target doses5. Beta blockers Beta blockers used to be contraindicated in patients with CCF as it may worsen the condition of the heart due to its negative inotropic effect. Nowadays, beta blockers should be considered in all patients with heart failure unless contraindicated5 as they have been shown to reduce the mortality, hospitalization and the progression of heart failure7. Beta blockers should be introduced following treatment with ACE inhibitor once the patients condition is stable7. Only bisoprolol, carvedilol, and nebivolol are currently licensed to be used in the treatment of heart failure in UK8. Both nebivolol and bisoprolol are cardioselective where they act on beta ­1 receptors. On the other hand, carvedilol is a non-selective beta blocker9, 10. The mode of action of beta blockers in heart failure is poorly understood but the proposed mechanisms include antiarrhythmic action, anti-ischaemic action, and attenuation of cathecholamine toxicity as well as reduced cardiac modelling through blockade of sympathetic influences on the heart9. Besides, carvedilol has an additional antioxidant property which may be thought to slow down the process of atherogenesis by inhibiting the oxygen-free radicals11, 12. The starting dose should be low as high doses may worsen the condition of heart failure7. Over time, the dose of beta blocker should be gradually titrated upward if the patient is well tolerated until target dose is reached5. Diuretics Diuretics are often used to relief the congestive symptoms and fluid retention7. Hence, they should be used in heart failure patients with the symptom of oedema7. Frusemide, a loop diuretic is the most commonly used agent in heart failure. It is considered as the first choice of drug for the long-term treatment of CCF with the advantages of improves cardiac function, exercise tolerance, as well as symptoms of breathlessness and oedema13. The main site of action is at the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Furosemide acts at the Cl- binding site of Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transport and as a result, sodium reabsorption is inhibited. This promotes the excretion of sodium up to 20-25% as well as enhances water clearance13. Consequently, it reduces the blood volume thus reducing the preload on the heart. As a result, ventricular ejection is improved and the heart is able to pump more efficiently14. The most common side effect is hypokalaemia. Hence, it is important that patients potassium level and the renal function are closely monitored. Aldosterone Antagonists Patients with moderate to severe heart failure should be considered for the treatment of aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone15. It is a potassium sparing diuretic where its action is mainly on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system18. Spironolactone prevents the synthesis of basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase pump protein by acting as a competitive inhibitor at the aldosterone receptor site in the distal convoluted tubules. As mentioned earlier, aldosterone promotes sodium and water retention and the use of spironolactone therefore inhibits sodium and water reabsorption while retains potassium. As a result, spironolactone reduces the workload of the heart and the heart is therefore able to work more efficiently18. It is often use in conjunction with other agents such as diuretic in the management of CCF44. Nevertheless, spironolactone may cause hyperkalaemia, particularly in patients with renal impairment due to the inhibition of potassium excretion. Hence, the patients pot assium level and the renal function should be closely monitored. 3. Evidence for treatment of the condition(s) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEis) ACE inhibitor, ramipril prescribed for my patient Mr. SB was proven to be the mainstay therapy in the management of CCF. NICE and SIGN guidelines recommended that ACE inhibitor therapy should be started once the patient is diagnosed with CCF before beta blocker is initiated5, 32. It should be prescribed to the patients with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction as studies have demonstrated that ACE inhibitors alleviate symptoms and reduce rehospitalisation as well as slow down the progression of the disease in all NYHA classes5, 33. The benefits of ACE inhibitor in CCF can be seen based on the systemic review of 5 randomised, controlled trials which involve a total of 12763 patients. Results shown that in comparison to placebo group, long term treatment with ACE inhibitors were shown to have statistically significant reduction in mortality rate (23.0% vs 26.8%; p