Monday, December 23, 2019

Liberal Studies Shopping The New Drug Of Choice - 1179 Words

Liberal Studies: Shopping-THE NEW DRUG OF CHOICE Answer the questions. Then talk about your answers: 1. How often do you go shopping (not for food)? a. Two or three times a week. b. Once a week. c. Twice a month. d. Once a month or less. 2. How often do you spend money when you go shopping? a. Almost always. b. Very often. c. Sometimes. d. Rarely 3. How often do you shop in malls? a. Almost always. b. Very often. c. Sometimes. d. Rarely 4. What’s the best thing about indoor malls? a. There are lots of stores. b. You don’t have to think about the weather. c. There are a lot of people. d. There is nothing good about malls. e. Other___________________________________ Article: Addicted to the Mall†¦show more content†¦What is author’s purpose in each article? Why do you think so? To teach readers how to do something To inform readers about something. To describe something to readers. To persuade readers to do something. Reading 1 Author’s purpose: Reading 2 Author’s purpose: 2. Do you think shopping can be an addiction? Why or why not? 3. Would you like to go to Palm Desert? Why or why not? Comprehension: Reading 1 Read the statements and write true (T) or false (F). If it is false please write the correct answer: 1. All people who shop are recreational shoppers. 2. Recreational shoppers go shopping for fun. 3. Recreational shoppers love to own things. 4. Most shoppers dislike shopping. 5. Psychologists compared ordinary shoppers and recreational shoppers. 6. Recreational shoppers go shopping when they are sad. 7. Most recreational shoppers are men. 8. People spend more time in shopping malls than do they do at work. Reading 2 Read the statements and write true (T) or false (F). If it is false please write the correct answer: 1. Palm Desert Mall is in California. 2. This mall has more than 250 different places to spend money. 3. The mall has 43 different buildings. 4. It has 12 different movie theaters. 5. Some restaurants at the mall are expensive. 6. Karen’s Kitchen is a cooking store. Answer the questions: 1. Where can you find the inexpensiveShow MoreRelatedThe Crime Is An Act Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough personal experience or daily conversations or more accurately through the media e.g. from films, newspapers and books etc. Media production goes through a process of mediation in which professional producers select and reject which stories are news worthy or not. 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Sunday, December 15, 2019

Problem Solving Critical Thinking †Hdlt Free Essays

Critical thinking and Problem Solving HDLT mini paper It is possible to store the mind with a million facts and still be entirely uneducated. Alec Bourne. According to American educational Psychologist – Robert M Gagne – â€Å"The central point of any education is to teach people to think, to use their rational powers, to become better problem solvers. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem Solving Critical Thinking – Hdlt or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å" Looking at the current model of our own learning, in HDLT 2 class itself – as students of the second semester in the university; we have been exposed to theories of this subject before. It is now time for adapting, assimilating, applying the past knowledge in real life contexts. This adaptation is tested through fresh, innovative learning environments and higher expectations. Let us first determine critical thinking and problem solving and see how are these phenomenon interrelated with each other and the role both these skills play in our lives. Critical thinking (CT) is defined as â€Å" intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and /or evaluating information gathered from or generated by observations, experiences, reflections, reasoning or communication as a guide to belief and action. Scriven Paul, 2007, P 1). Thus simply put, CT is metacognition or thinking about thinking. Problem-solving (PS) is a mental process that involves ascertaining, investigating and solving problems. The eventual objective of problem-solving is to overcome hindrances and find a solution that best resolves the issue. These problems could range from simply crossing the road and reaching safely on the other si de without getting hurt by the oncoming vehicles or solving a Sudoku puzzle or figure out a estimated expenses of a trip or in case of a child, solving a multiplication sum given in the class. The term problem solving ( P S) in educational settings would involve solving well-structured text book problems which are poles apart from ill structured problems which are encountered in everyday life. Thus we can see that in order to effectively solve a problem, one may require to engage with it and critically think about it to find the best solution. Let us now look at certain important broad themes and specific problem solving processes used by children – Broad themes – 1. Task analysis – details of steps taken to actually solve problems. For example a child adds 2 multi digit numbers, the actual process – starting with adding the numbers in the right most column, writing ones digit as a part of the answer, carrying over the tens digit ( if it is so ) †¦ so on and so forth. Task analysis helps in identifying the exact places where child might be encountering difficulty in solving the problem, the nature of the difficulty. Thus it gives an insight into the manner in which the child solves problems; and thus provides scope for rectification. 2. Means – End analysis – Using this methodology, one solves a problem by considering the obstacles that stand between the initial problem state and the goal state. The path to reaching the goal can be achieved by accomplishing smaller sub goals. When all of the sub goals have been achieved – when all of the obstacles are out of the way – then the main goal of interest has been achieved. Thus, means-ends analysis can be seen as a search strategy in which the long-range goal is always kept in mind to guide problem solving. 3. Encoding – this literally means identifying critical information in order to build internal representations. Thus it is very important to train the child to filter out the relevant data from the all the available information. Many children fail because they are not thought how to encode critical information and utilize it. Important processes of Problem Solving- 1. Planning – this is future directed PS, most often used in difficult and new situations. But most often the novelty of the situation also ensures that children often forget to plan. 2. Route Planning – this is done in order to select a most efficient route in order to reach a destination. Children as early as one year of age start showing the development of this ability. Example – an adult figuring out his way in order to reach a new destination; after looking at various maps. The route is figured out post route planning. 3. Causal Inference – many a times problem solving is an attempt to understand the cause of a phenomenon. Humans are curious by nature. A two year old will constantly be in the endeavor to know â€Å"why things happen†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ why do birds fly, whereas animals don’t? so on and so forth. 4. Analogical Reasoning – In problem solving this is predominantly concerned with systemic correspondences, where a solution to a known problem may be applied to solving a structurally similar problem. Analogical reasoning improves with maturation and increase in content knowledge. According to Piaget’s stages of development analogical reasoning only starts developing in the pre operational stage ( ages 2 -7) and gets occasional limited success in concrete operational stage(7-11) and becomes fully developed by formal operational stage (age 11 through adulthood) Stage I (Preoperational) – egocentric responses using idiosyncratic relations. IA – children were unable to form lower-order relations IB – some children able to form lower-order relations, but unable to form analogies Stage II (concrete operational) – occasional, limited success IIA trial-and-error success on analogies, inability to resist false counter-suggestions IIB consistent success on analogies, but inconsistent ability to resist false counter-suggestions Stage III (formal operational) – Success on all aspects of the tasks. Criticism of Piaget – Goswami Brown reasoned that children might fail Piaget’s tasks because they lack knowledge of the relations entailed. On this view, children ought to be able to solve classical analogy problems provided the analogies are based on familiar relations. Practice in analogical reasoning improved young children’s spontaneous formation of analogies. 5. Scientific reasoning: Children question everything as a basic premise,they want to know the why , how of everything; but they are also hugely influenced by the beliefs that they see are carried around them. Whenever they actually do something on their own, they do develop an understanding and rationality regarding the same phenomenon. For example a child understands that sugar takes less time to dissolve in hot milk rather than cold milk. Thus, when they indulge in activities, experiment they develop scientific and logical reasoning. 6. Logical reasoning – It is when a child can apply logical rules in order to solve problems. Logical reasoning requires the child to link each alternative to the main problem by strong reasoning. They may also require using logical structure â€Å"If†¦ , Then †¦. † for example if a child has to climb up two floors, he could either use the lift or the stairs. If the escalator lift for some reason is not working, then either the child could wait till the lifet starts working or take the stairs. The choices have to be logically reasoned out. Both analogical and logical reasoning develop gradually over early and middle childhood whereas scientific reasoning does take more time to develop and take shape as it is much enhanced by experience. Along with certain important processes used in PS some of the others are – Symbolic representation as tools Rule based problem solving etc. Above we have also looked at Piagetian perspective on PS. Let us also look at the Vyogotsky’s perspective on the same. Lev Vygotsky gave some novel ideas regarding childrens learning and their problem solving abilities. 1. Zone of Proximal development (ZPD) – This is the zone where learning takes place. This zone represents the difference the between what the child can achieve on its own and what it can achieve with the help of others. In order, for learning to occur, the elder or peer must provide a challenge that is beyond the child’s own capabilities and yet be assisted. Thus assisted learning or peer learning is an important aspect of children developing the PS abilities. If children have done a task with an adult or under the guidance of an adult (ZPD) they tend to show improvement whilst performing as opposed to those who were attempting it for the first time ( Piaget’s discovery learning ). Vyogotsky also pointed towards the importance of private speech in children, whenever confronted with a novel problem. This speech could be their method of engaging with the problem. As children grow up and get better at symbolic interpretation, this private speech diminishes. Now let us look at how a constructivist classroom helps children in enhancing their PS abilities. Constructivist approaches to learning attempt to generate environments where learners are actively engaged in their surroundings and environments that help them to construct and develop their own understanding, reasoning and knowledge, rather than the teacher interpreting their world for them. The learners interaction with the environment and with the subject matter at hand results them in having their own view about the subject. Thus we can see that collaborative learning is the hallmark of a constructivist classroom. For example – group of students in a chemistry class are learning about properties of organic salts. Instead of directly stating the properties, the teacher will devise questions which will engage the students in challenging their previous knowledge, link it to the other phenomenon that they have already been studying and generate a new level of understanding regarding the topic. During the discussions and promptings, when one student comes with the relevant concept, the teacher would cash on it and hint to the group to further explore this concept. Late, she would sum up ay concluding what the class has learnt, what helped and what did not help them in constructing new knowledge. Question – The biggest question for me is the teaching methodology. In most of the schools, that me and my colleagues have visited during our practicum, we inevitably noticed that instead of focusing on teaching the students how to think, rationalize, develop an understanding. The focus is on what they should think? Conclusion – By providing them everything like â€Å"ready to eat meals†, we seal them from developing their own understanding. In a class room setting children, still encounter structured problems, in real life settings children will be coming across many ill structured problems. The aim of education must be to prepare them for encountering the challenges that they would face everyday. They have to be trained to adequately use their problem solving abilities within the classroom as well as outside it. References – Taylor, L, (2005). Introducing cognitive development. Taylor and Francis: Psychology Press. (Chapter: Thinking and reasoning). Siegler Alibali (2005). Chapter 10: Problem-Solving (pp 341-380). Synder L. Synder J. – Teaching critical thinking and Problem solving skills, The Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, Volume L, No. 2, Spring/Summer, 2008 How to cite Problem Solving Critical Thinking – Hdlt, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Issues Stakeholder And Management Approach -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Issues Stakeholder And Management Approach? Answer: Introducation Leadership can be defined as the procedure of social influence by which effective leaders can maximize the efforts of the team members of the followers and thereby ensure achievement of a greater good. Researchers are of the opinion that proper leadership stems from social influence and never from power as well as authority (Rouche, Baker and Rose 2014). For being an effective leader, it becomes important to define and exhibit different ethical as well as moral courage and set a proper example for all the followers working in the organization. Leadership expert namely Warren Bennis was seen stating that leadership can be defined as the capability of translating vision into reality. Great leaders are mainly seen to be possessing dazzling social intelligence along with a zest for change (McCleskey 2014). Above all, leaders should have a vision that will be allowing followers to set their sights on the correct goals and objectives, which require attention. This assignment will first hel p to reflect my various strengths and weakness that will in turn play an important part in the development of an effective leader. I will conduct a self-assessment analysis to depict the different changes required in my attributes so that I can develop leadership skills, which will have the best effect on my team in the organization. Important leadership styles of 21st century: Certain forms of leaderships are criticized by business experts and are usually not followed in the 21st century. One of the leadership styles is the autocratic leadership style. Here the leaders are seen to take the entire decisions without consulting with that of the staffs and the followers (Dong et al. 2017). Most of the power within the teams mainly remains concentrated on the top in the position of the leader only and the followers are in the bottom position, which only follow the rules set by them. It is severely criticized as the team members do not get the scope of giving feedbacks to the leader that affects them emotionally. The members who disagree and do not perform as they are told often punished to keep the systems in the line. When the team members make any mistakes, the autocratic or the authoritarian leaders punish them in front of the peers as examples so that similar mistakes are never repeated. Blame is always provided on individuals even in cases of faulty proces ses (VanDierendock et al. 2014). All these affect the individuals mentally and emotionally for which they lose their confidence. They may also feel that the organization do not care for them which reduces productivity. Therefore, my leadership style will never contain the traits of such leadership theory. I will develop a leadership style that will be a perfect mixture of the traits of democratic leadership and transformational leadership. My leadership style would ensure inspirational motivation to the team members that will involve providing vision of the future to the followers. I will motivate them in ways where they will try to perform beyond expectations. I also believe in intellectual stimulation. This will help my team members to get over the various old assumptions, traditions and beliefs and in place inculcate novel thoughts of achieving success (Moriano et al. 2014). My leadership attribute will also make sure that I have individualized consideration where I would care ab out the needs as well as skills of my followers and try my best to help them sharpen their skills by effective and constructive feedback. I will never put my self-interest above all but will in turn look for the best for the organization. I will try to provide a clear vision of that of the future and motivate the staff members to exceed themselves. Besides, I will also incorporate the attributes of effective democratic leadership. I will encourage the team members to speak up and join the decision-making procedure. I will ensure that a culture of open communication takes place so that all the staff members feel that their voices matter. Followers are given enough space and freedom. They are also given scope to maintain their own personal responsibilities (Breevart et al. 2014). I will also provide effective feedback on the performance of the leaders that will act as guidance for them and help them to handle difficult situations effectively. I will also give them freedom to express t heir concerns and feedbacks, as I believe that a transparent communication system will help to overcome any negative feelings and build a more competitive and enthusiastic working environment. An idol I admire: I can provide an example of a great leader whom I take as my idol. Richard Branson is the founder of Virgin group that controls more than 400 companies. He is a dynamic and symbolic entrepreneur. He has multicolored ideas for advertisements, innovative ideas of leadership and very positive attitude. His followers describe him as fun, anti-establishment, warm, friendly, risk taker, adventurer, opportunist, fast, competitive, hard negotiator and workaholic. He holds a healthy leader-member relationship and believes in effective team working. He welcomes suggestions from employees and even invites them in family parties. He gives his teams freedom to be creative, as he believes creativity can influence effective teamwork. His work system is flat and non-hierarchial. All these had helped him to be successful as a leader (Martins et al. 2016). Trend of globalization and multi-culturism: Moreover, I also believe that the present trend of globalization had resulted in development of many multinational companies. Such organizations require effective communication not only among the multicultural teams within the nation but also with other teams overseas (Weiss 2014). Ineffective leadership with improper cultural competency may affect the members of team from diverse backgrounds. They may get emotionally upset if their cultural traditions, preferences and inhibitions are not cared for (Kohler 2015). Moreover, if effective cross-cultural leadership is ensured, there remains higher scope of work job satisfaction and lesser copes of job stress. With proper cross-cultural leadership, the team members get the scope of providing innovative ideas and creativities as they belong to different backgrounds. This helps in solving different issues as their strategies help in handling the issues in an out of the box way (Storlie et al. 2015). Some of the important traits that I need to master are developing a proper multicultural environment. I should first learn to understand the cultural gaps that exist between the different team members and try to notice the different approaches of the different members. I should also try to understand the language barriers and find out effective ways to help the members overcome the barriers and communicate effectively with the members. One of the most important attribute that I will incorporate in my leadership model is that I will make myself free from biasness and prejudices. I should strictly focus on the performance and results and never of the backgrounds of people. Effective corporate vision, team coordination and cooperation among the team members, humility and patience are some of the aspects that I will focus when I will be the leader. Leaders of the KFC had been successfully able to capture 40% of the Chinese fast food market by developing its product through local tastes and building a strong team of local leade rs and mangers. Starbucks and IKEA are following its footsteps. Johari window and self-analysis: I had conducted self-analysis with the help of the Johari Window which is a psychological tool developed by Harry Ingham and Joseph Luft in 1955. This tool is helpful as one can act use this diagnostic tool for developing self awareness, improving communications, personal development, group dynamics, team development, interpersonal relationships and many others. There are four important quadrants- one is the open area which shows the important aspects which I know about myself and want to share with others. The next is the blind area, which shows the characters I do not know about myself, but others know. I need to take effective feedbacks from my members of the team to be aware of such attributes. Then is the hidden area where the aspects are known by me but are not known to others. Then is the unknown area that shows characters that are neither known by me nor known by others. By using this diagnostic tool, I realized that I lack the skill to undertake self-assessment sessions. It gives scopes to work on the weakness and strengthen the good attributes. I also have sharp perception where I can conduct honest sessions with my team members and understand their perceptions about me, their perceptions about their role in the team, their work pressures, their feelings and others. These help me to handle situations effectively. I also came to know that I am quite responsive of the groups need. I had set proper goals for each of the members according to their credibility and their skills. Some of the effective skills that would help me develop the best leadership model and lead my team effectively is proper communication. Better the communication among the team, the better will be harmony and lesser will be blame games (Martins et al. 2016). Team members will work in a coordinated manner and will develop less stress emotionally. I will also develop proper motivation skills. The more the members are motivated, the better will be their productivity and lesser will be t heir chances of absenteeism (Rosemann and vom Brocke 2015). Moreover, I will also focus on development of my team building skills. I should ask for feedbacks from my team and will try to develop strong bonds among the team members by effective relationship building. I will hold meetings where all the members would be exchanging constructive feedbacks among each other. Effective bonding among members helps them to socialize well which in turn help them to release their stress and share their emotions with each other (Doppelt 2017). This helps in sharing job stress and helps in overcoming barriers. Conclusion: From the entire discussion above, it becomes quite clear that leaders are responsible for leading a team towards success by carefully analyzing the weakness of the team members and turning the weakness into strength. This will ensure meeting the goals of the organization. In order to be an effective leader, I will be developing traits of transformational and democratic leadership. I will also develop proper communication skills by which I can effectively exchange feedbacks with my team. This would help in empowering them so that they can align with the organizational vision and mission. I will also try to maintain a multicultural working environment by providing scopes to all to come forward and share their innovative skills and creativities. Moreover, rather than being judgmental about their performance, I will encourage them to overcome the barriers and try to achieve their goals. I will try to follow a leadership style that will motivate the employees and enhance their skills that will in turn develop their performance and productivity. All these will ultimately help me in being a successful leader who will help the organization to reach the zenith of success. References: Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O.K. and Espevik, R., 2014. Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(1), pp.138-157. Dong, Y., Bartol, K.M., Zhang, Z.X. and Li, C., 2017. Enhancing employee creativity via individual skill development and team knowledge sharing: Influences of dual?focused transformational leadership.Journal of Organizational Behavior,38(3), pp.439-458. Doppelt, B., 2017.Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for business, government and civil society. Routledge. Kohler, R., 2015.Optimization of Leadership Style: New Approaches to Effective Multicultural Leadership in International Teams. Springer. Martins, L.P., Four-Babb, D., Lazzarin, M.D.L. and Pawlik, J., 2016. [Ir] responsible leadership: addressing management and leadership curricula biases. McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. Moriano, J.A., Molero, F., Topa, G. and Mangin, J.P.L., 2014. The influence of transformational leadership and organizational identification on intrapreneurship.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,10(1), pp.103-119. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Roueche, P.E., Baker III, G.A. and Rose, R.R., 2014.Shared vision: Transformational leadership in American community colleges. Rowman Littlefield. Storlie, C.A., Parker-Wright, M. and Woo, H., 2015. Multicultural Leadership Development: A Qualitative Analysis of Emerging Leaders in Counselor Education.Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy,2(2), pp.154-169. Van Dierendonck, D., Stam, D., Boersma, P., De Windt, N. and Alkema, J., 2014. Same difference? Exploring the differential mechanisms linking servant leadership and transformational leadership to follower outcomes.The Leadership Quarterly,25(3), pp.544-562. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.